3,015 research outputs found
Quantum Hall effect in exfoliated graphene affected by charged impurities: metrological measurements
Metrological investigations of the quantum Hall effect (QHE) completed by
transport measurements at low magnetic field are carried out in
a-few--wide Hall bars made of monolayer (ML) or bilayer (BL)
exfoliated graphene transferred on substrate. From the
charge carrier density dependence of the conductivity and from the measurement
of the quantum corrections at low magnetic field, we deduce that transport
properties in these devices are mainly governed by the Coulomb interaction of
carriers with a large concentration of charged impurities. In the QHE regime,
at high magnetic field and low temperature (), the Hall
resistance is measured by comparison with a GaAs based quantum resistance
standard using a cryogenic current comparator. In the low dissipation limit, it
is found quantized within 5 parts in (one standard deviation, ) at the expected rational fractions of the von Klitzing constant,
respectively and in the ML and BL
devices. These results constitute the most accurate QHE quantization tests to
date in monolayer and bilayer exfoliated graphene. It turns out that a main
limitation to the quantization accuracy, which is found well above the
accuracy usually achieved in GaAs, is the low value of the QHE
breakdown current being no more than . The current dependence
of the longitudinal conductivity investigated in the BL Hall bar shows that
dissipation occurs through quasi-elastic inter-Landau level scattering,
assisted by large local electric fields. We propose that charged impurities are
responsible for an enhancement of such inter-Landau level transition rate and
cause small breakdown currents.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure
The Role of GABA Signalling in Lung Macrophage Immune Response
Lung macrophages (LMϕs) play a key role in pulmonary innate immunity. They polarize into different phenotypes adapting to the needs of the immediate pulmonary environment. Studies in our laboratory suggest that murine LMϕs are endowed with an autocrine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling system. My honors thesis study found that antagonizing the autocrine GABA signaling in alveolar macrophages (AMϕs) increased secretion of the M1 cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), suggesting a role for GABA signaling in immune response. This project explored whether GABA signaling plays a role in LMϕ polarization. Results from this study confirmed that bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the Th1 cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ) shifted LMϕs to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, marked by increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). On the other hand, the Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 shifted LMϕs toward the M2 phenotype marked by increased arginase-1. Importantly, in both RAW 264.7 cell line and primary LMϕs, LPS and IFNγ treatment increased iNOS expression while decreasing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and A-type GABA receptor α2-subunit (α2-GABAAR). Conversely, treatment with IL4/13 induced an upregulation of arginase-1, GAD, and α2-GABAAR. Moreover, treatment of primary LMϕs with IL4/13 and GABAAR antagonist picrotoxin decreased arginase-1 and GAD expression, and increased iNOS levels. These results suggest the autocrine GABA signaling system in LMϕs dynamically changes with their phenotypic polarization. This signaling system functions to limit the M1 response, but facilitate M2 reaction, and thus a change in the GABA signaling may alter the inflammatory responses of these cells
Practical quantum realization of the ampere from the electron charge
One major change of the future revision of the International System of Units
(SI) is a new definition of the ampere based on the elementary charge \emph{e}.
Replacing the former definition based on Amp\`ere's force law will allow one to
fully benefit from quantum physics to realize the ampere. However, a quantum
realization of the ampere from \emph{e}, accurate to within in
relative value and fulfilling traceability needs, is still missing despite many
efforts have been spent for the development of single-electron tunneling
devices. Starting again with Ohm's law, applied here in a quantum circuit
combining the quantum Hall resistance and Josephson voltage standards with a
superconducting cryogenic amplifier, we report on a practical and universal
programmable quantum current generator. We demonstrate that currents generated
in the milliampere range are quantized in terms of
( is the Josephson frequency) with a measurement uncertainty of
. This new quantum current source, able to deliver such accurate
currents down to the microampere range, can greatly improve the current
measurement traceability, as demonstrated with the calibrations of digital
ammeters. Beyond, it opens the way to further developments in metrology and in
fundamental physics, such as a quantum multimeter or new accurate comparisons
to single electron pumps.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
How does the chromatin fiber deal with topological constraints?
In the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged through several levels of
compaction in an orderly retrievable way that enables the correct regulation of
gene expression. The functional dynamics of this assembly involves the
unwinding of the so-called 30 nm chromatin fiber and accordingly imposes strong
topological constraints. We present a general method for computing both the
twist and the writhe of any winding pattern. An explicit derivation is
implemented for the chromatin fiber which provides the linking number of DNA in
eukaryotic chromosomes. We show that there exists one and only one unwinding
path which satisfies both topological and mechanical constraints that DNA has
to deal with during condensation/decondensation processes.Comment: Presented in Nature "News and views in brief" Vol. 429 (13 May 2004).
Movies available at
http://www.lptl.jussieu.fr/recherche/operationE_fichiers/Page_figurePRL.htm
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